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Scaling ML Systems

Scaling ML systems addresses the engineering challenges that emerge when models, datasets, and traffic grow beyond what a single machine or naive distributed approach can handle. Scaling in ML spans four dimensions:...

large-scale-aiml-systemsdocs

Scaling ML systems addresses the engineering challenges that emerge when models, datasets, and traffic grow beyond what a single machine or naive distributed approach can handle. Scaling in ML spans four dimensions: training (data and model parallelism for trillion-parameter models), inference (throughput optimization and KV-cache management), serving (handling millions of requests per second), and data (managing petabyte-scale datasets).

Overview

mindmap root((Scaling\nML Systems)) Distributed Training Data parallelism DDP FSDP fully sharded DeepSpeed ZeRO Gradient checkpointing Mixed precision BF16 Model Parallelism Tensor parallelism Pipeline parallelism Sequence parallelism Expert parallelism MoE Inference Optimization Quantization INT8 INT4 KV cache management Continuous batching vLLM PagedAttention Speculative decoding Serving at Scale Horizontal autoscaling Multi-region deployment Load balancing strategies Cost optimization Capacity planning

Scaling Dimensions

graph TD subgraph ScalingDims[ML System Scaling Challenges] Training[Training Scale\nModel too large for single GPU\nDataset too large for single machine\nTraining too slow on single node] Inference[Inference Scale\nHigh latency - model too slow\nLow throughput - not enough GPU\nMemory bound - KV cache too large] Serving[Serving Scale\nHigh RPS - need many replicas\nGlobal users - need multi-region\nBurst traffic - need autoscaling] Data[Data Scale\nPetabytes of training data\nCannot fit in RAM\nneed distributed data loading] end

Topics in This Section

File Topic Key Concepts
01_distributed_training.md Distributed Training DDP, FSDP, DeepSpeed ZeRO
02_model_parallelism.md Model Parallelism Tensor, pipeline, MoE parallelism
03_inference_optimization.md Inference Optimization Quantization, KV cache, vLLM
04_serving_at_scale.md Serving at Scale Autoscaling, multi-region, cost